In vivo experiments further demonstrated that Irisin-loaded bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes significantly inhibited activation of the YAP/EGR1/ACSL4 signaling pathway in the brains of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) mice, suppressed ferroptosis and lipid peroxidation, thereby mitigating ischemic brain injury ( In vitro experiments further confirmed that FGF21 protected HT22 cells from OGD/R-induced oxidative stress and ferroptosis, thereby attenuating neuronal injury (Zhao et al., 2025c)
GHK-Cu can reduce the severity of mottled hyperpigmentation, skin spots, and lesions, and improve the rate of recovery of skin stem cells [11]
Researchers and doctors consider glutathione effective for healthier cholesterol, body weight, and blood pressure alongside treating skin discoloration and hyperpigmentation
2 Design logic of multifunctional nanotherapies targeting the tumor microenvironment 2.1 Key tumor microenvironmental barriers and corresponding design objectives The tumor microenvironment features that shape drug delivery and therapeutic response in solid tumors can be grouped into three levels that are particularly relevant for nanomedicine design, namely the vasculature and interstitium, the extracellular matrix, and the immune compartment [29,30,31]
