Abbreviations A549: Human alveolar basal epithelial adenocarcinoma cells AC16: Human cardiomyocyte cell line AChE: Acetylcholinesterase ALT: Alanine aminotransferase ANGPTL4: Angiopoietin-like 4 AST: Aspartate aminotransferase ATP: Adenosine triphosphate BALF: Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid BAX: Bcl-2-associated X protein BBB: Blood-brain barrier Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 BDNF: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor BEAS-2B: Human bronchial epithelial cells Bhas 42: Mouse fibroblast cell line BID: BH3-interacting domain death agonist BT-474: Human breast cancer cell line C57BL/6: C57BL/6 inbred mouse strain CART: Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript COX-2: Cyclooxygenase-2 CVD: Cardiovascular diseases cyp1a: Cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A EDI: Estimated daily intake EVs: Extracellular vesicles FTIR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy GFAP: Glial fibrillary acidic protein GIT: Gastrointestinal tract GSH-Px: Glutathione peroxidase H9C2: Rat cardiomyoblast cell line HaCaT: Human immortalised keratinocytes HEK-293: Human embryonic kidney cells 293 HER2: Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 hpf: Hours post-fertilisation hsp: Heat shock protein HUVECs: Human umbilical vein endothelial cells IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease IL: Interleukin MDA: Malondialdehyde miRNAs: MicroRNAs MMP: Mitochondrial membrane potential mMPs, mNPs, mMNPs: Mixtures of microplastic particles (mMPs), nanoplastic particles (mNPs), or micro- and nanoplastic particles (mMNPs), originating from various polymer types MPs, NPs, MNPs: Microplastic particles (MPs), nanoplastic particles (NPs), or combined micro- and nanoplastic particles (MNPs) MSCs: Mesenchymal stromal cells mt2: Metallothionein 2 NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells NLRP3: NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 nNOS: Neuronal nitric oxide synthase Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2related factor 2 PARP: Poly ADP ribose polymerase PCI: Percutaneous coronary interventions PET: Polyethylene terephthalate Py-GC/MS: Pyrolysisgas chromatographymass spectrometry QA/QC: Quality assurance/quality control ROS: Reactive oxygen species SEM: Scanning electron microscopy SOD: Superoxide dismutase sod1: Superoxide dismutase 1 sod2: Superoxide dismutase 2 TAG: Triacylglycerols TEM: Transmission electron microscopy Th: T helper cells THP-1: Human leukaemia monocytic cell line TNF-: Tumour necrosis factor alpha Treg: Regulatory T cells TUNEL: Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling VAChT: Vesicular acetylcholine transporter VIP: Vasoactive intestinal peptide vtg1: Vitellogenin 1 References Chamas A, Moon H, Zheng J, Qiu Y, Tabassum T, Jang JH, et al
CD44 + lung cancer stem cell-derived pericyte-like cells cause brain metastases through GPR124-enhanced trans-endothelial migration
Detailed stages of the cycle: CPT-1 (outer mitochondrial membrane): Acyl-CoA + L-carnitine Acyl-carnitine + CoA-SH Rate limiting enzyme Inhibited by malonyl-CoA Isoforms: CPT-1A (liver), CPT-1B (muscle), CPT-1C (brain) CACT (translocase): Transport of acylcarnitine into the matrix Antiport with free carnitine The only transporter for acylcarnitines CPT-2 (inner mitochondrial membrane): Acyl-carnitine + CoA-SH Acyl-CoA + L-carnitine Regeneration of acyl-CoA in the matrix Not regulated by malonyl-CoA -oxidation (matrix): Cyclic shortening of the acyl chain Products: acetyl-CoA, FADH2, NADH CPT-1 regulation Research on Cell Cultures L-carnitine tested on various cell types: Cardiomyocytes: main source of energy from -oxidation Myotubes (C2C12): skeletal muscle metabolism Hepatocytes: ketogenesis and gluconeogenesis Adipocytes: lipolysis and lipid metabolism Cancer cells: Warburg metabolism vs
Some providers avoid GLP-1s in this population
