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However, clinical trials in humans have demonstrated mixed results

Central administration of sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors increases food intake involving adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in the lateral hypothalamus in healthy rats

EPA 440/5-86-003

The literature was searched in PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from database inception to 10 March 2026, using terms related to knee osteoarthritis, obesity, GLP-1 receptor agonists, incretin-based therapies, GLP-1 receptor biology, pharmacology, molecular mechanisms, inflammatory signaling, NF-B, NLRP3 inflammasome, macrophage polarization, weight loss, arthroplasty, perioperative management, sarcopenia, safety, and cost-effectiveness