Clinical Proven
2.3 Stimuli-responsive and targeting modules as functional units Building on this scaffold, endogenous and exogenous stimuli-responsive elements together with active targeting modules provide ways to focus nanocarrier action on specific TME regions or cell populations [46,47,48]
Hence, Sp treated neuronal cells showed enhanced survivability even after MPP + exposure (Fig
Some cytosolic GSH is transported, thanks to a specific transporter, the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1), out of the cell to maintain a balance in the redox level [22], or can be conjugated by GSH transferases (GST) with endogenous metabolites, such as cysteinyl leukotriene or xenobiotics (therapeutics, anticancer drugs, carcinogens, pesticides, herbicides), forming a complex GSH-Xen, which is transported outside the cell by MRP1 [19]