Exosome formation increased after GPX4 inhibition, which contained prominin and TSG101, as well as ferritin, while blocking the export of exosomes resulted in the accumulation of iron, indicating that in the state of cellular oxidative stress, prominin 2 can promote the formation of iron-containing exosomes and transport intracellular iron to the extracellular space, thereby enhancing cell resistance to ferroptosis [75]
GSH is one of the body's principal antioxidant defense molecules, playing a crucial role in the detoxification of cytotoxic compounds and reactive oxygen species.10 Intracellular GSH concentrations differ among tissues, typically ranging from 1 to 10 mM, with the highest levels observed in the liver.11 Experimental supplementation of GSH in animal models has been shown to reduce hepatocyte apoptosis, lower plasma AST and ALT activities, and protect against microvascular reperfusion injury.12 Melatonin (Mel) is a hormone primarily secreted by the pineal gland, but it is also synthesized in various tissues, including the ovaries, retina, lens, bone marrow, and gastrointestinal tract.13 In the retina and gastrointestinal system, it plays roles in visual adaptation and oxidative protection, respectively
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Heterodimeric GSTs as that of Apis mellifera macedonica bee with 29 and 25 kDa subunits [37] and Rhipicephalus microplus tick with 30.7 and 28.4 kDa [38]
