LP-BM5-infected mice treatment with GSH replacement changed the macrophage polarization to M1 profile, inducing an increase in Th1 cytokine production and augmented antiviral response [38]
This system is highly expressed in astrocytes, the main GSH synthesizing cells in the brain, and is regulated by various factors, including oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines Once synthesized, GSH can be metabolized by various enzymes, including glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), which conjugate GSH with xenobiotics and endogenous electrophiles for elimination, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), which cleaves GSH into its constituent amino acids and generates extracellular glutamate, a major neurotransmitter in the brain
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