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Circulating microbes act as messengers within the gutskin axis, primarily via immunological pathways influenced by diet, stress, and environmental factors, which regulate intestinal and skin barrier homeostasis [93, 94].The immune system regulates hostmicrobiota interactions, with microbiota impacting autoimmune and immune-mediated processes via molecular mimicry, bacterial translocation after barrier disruption, modulation of immune cells in Peyers patches, and production of immunomodulatory metabolites [95, 96]

Both are available through The Care Pharmacys online consultation service for eligible adults

N-acetyl-D-glucosamine is an amino sugar commonly abbreviated NAG or GlcNAc

& Avina-Zubieta, J