This might be the updated cytoprotection concept [3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,27,28,29,30,31,32,34,37,39,40], as innate epithelial and endothelial cell protection was long ago postulated in the stomach [41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48]
The area is sterilized, and the shot is administered swiftly
*Correspondence: Jing Yao, [email protected] These authors have contributed equally to this work Disclaimer All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers
Because of this and the fact that the body only needs a small amount of vitamin B12 each day, it can take up to a year or even longer for an inadequate vitamin B12 to manifest as an apparent deficiency