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Abbreviations AF: Annulus fibrosus ASC: Adipose-derived stem cell BMP-2: Bone morphogenetic protein-2 BMSC: Bone marrow-derived stem cell CD: Chondrodystrophic CLC: Chondrocyte-like cell CTGF: Connective tissue growth factor DH: Disc height ECM: Extracellular matrix EP: End plate GAG: Glycosaminoglycan GDF-5: Growth and differentiation factor-5 IGF-1: Isulin-like growth factor-1 IVD: Intervertebral disc MSC: Mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells MMP: Matrix metalloproteinase MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging NC: Notochordal cell NCCM: Notochordal cell conditioned medium NCD: Non-chondrodystrophic NP: Nucleus pulposus NPPC: Nucleus pulposus progenitor cell

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Clinical Relevance: These findings explain GHK-Cu's accelerated wound closure observed in clinical settings and its interest as a therapeutic candidate for chronic wounds, post-surgical recovery, and tissue regeneration applications

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