Indeed, many of the traditional CVD risk factors, including oxidized low-density lipoprotein[313], hyperlipidemia (hypercholesterolemia or mixed dyslipidemia)[314] insulin resistance[309, 310, 312], diabetes[315], obesity[309, 311], elevated C-reactive protein[316], waist-to-hip ratio[309], reduced coronary flow reserve[279], smoking[317], sedentary life[318] and psychological distress[319], which act via effects on endothelial dysfunction, apoptosis and impaired endothelial-dependent vascular reactivity, have been associated with low serum IGF-I levels and reduced IGF-I and IGF-IR mRNA as well as protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC)[313]
The only way to confirm potency loss is through laboratory assay or by tracking documented temperature exposure
Competing interests All authors declare no conflict of interest
Some CKD patients will need to monitor their potassium levels closely and adjust their intake of high-potassium foods, such as oranges, bananas, avocados, potatoes, tomatoes, beans, lentils, nuts, and some whole grains, as well as many herbal medicines and salt substitutes