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[16] One of the most important functions of glutamine is its ability to be converted into -KG, which helps to maintain the flow of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, generating ATP via the electron carriers NADH and FADH 2

3 B vitamins are especially relevant to how IV drips are designed: B3 (niacin) : Precursor to NAD and NADP, the coenzymes that drive cellular metabolic reactions and redox balance

Autophagy is a key biological process where cells degrade damaged DNA, proteins or organelles to maintain cellular homeostasis or respond to stress or starvation (Liu et al., 2023)

NAC is likely safe for adults when provided as a prescription medication