GLP-1 from enteroendocrine cells of the intestine and a separate population of neurons in the caudal medulla oblongata acts through humoral and neural pathways, regulating the feeling of satiety, gastric peristalsis and endocrine function of the pancreas [17]
These insights are summarized in Table 3, which contextualizes representative appetite and behavioral peptides according to their physiological roles, developmental outcomes, and reasons for historical underexploration
Prioritize protein and key micronutrients (iron, vitamin D, zinc, biotin), especially important while appetite is suppressed on a GLP-1 medication
This is mechanistically linked to improved adipocyte insulin signaling, reduced pro-inflammatory cell infiltration, the recruitment of pathways for lipid storage and oxidation, and the release of insulin-sensitizing adipokines [49]